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140 BCE) and the Roman Senate declared Herod the Great "King of the Jews" in c.

The Romans deposed the ruling Hasmonean dynasty of Judaea (in power from c. Roman general Pompey conquered Jerusalem and its surroundings by 63 BCE. Jews became a significant part of the Roman Empire's population in the first century CE, with some estimates as high as 7 million people however, this estimation has been questioned. In Rome, Jewish communities thrived economically. A Jewish diaspora had migrated to Rome and to the territories of Roman Europe from the land of Israel, Anatolia, Babylon and Alexandria in response to economic hardship and incessant warfare over the land of Israel between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires from the 4th to the 1st centuries BCE.

The history of the Jews in the Roman Empire ( Latin: Iudaeorum Romanum) traces the interaction of Jews and Romans during the period of the Roman Empire (27 BCE – CE 476). Image of Joshua from the 3rd-century wall paintings at the synagogue of Dura-Europos